This article was originally published at The Conversation. (opens in new tab) The publication contributed the article to Space.com’s Expert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights.
Michael J. I. Brown (opens in new tab), Associate Professor in Astronomy, Monash University
We’ve now seen the first data from the James Webb Space Telescope (opens in new tab). It has observed the atmospheres of distant planets, groups of nearby galaxies, galaxy light bent by unseen dark matter, and clouds of gas and dust in stellar nurseries.
We have also seen headlines claiming that the James Webb Space Telescope has found “the oldest galaxies we have ever seen (opens in new tab),” but what does that mean?
I’m a professional astronomer who studies old galaxies (opens in new tab), and even I find this a little puzzling.
Gallery: James Webb Space Telescope’s 1st photos
Looking far, looking back
One of the key science goals of Webb (opens in new tab) is to peer back in time and observe the early universe. Webb can do this because, like all telescopes, it is a time machine.
Light travels at 300,000 kilometers per second, so when we look at the moon we are seeing it as it was a second ago. As the planets of our solar system are millions or billions of kilometers away, we see them as they were minutes or hours ago.
Going further still, when we look at distant galaxies with telescopes we are often looking at light that has taken millions or billions of years to reach us. This means we are seeing these galaxies as they were millions or billions of years ago.
What has James Webb seen?
The James Webb Space Telescope is able to see more distant galaxies than other telescopes, including the Hubble Space Telescope.
Like Hubble it is above the glowing and turbulent atmosphere of the Earth. However, whereas Hubble has a 2.3 meter mirror for focusing light, Webb has a vast 6.5 meter mirror formed from 18 hexagonal segments. Finally, Webb is optimized to detect infrared light, which is what we observe from the most distant galaxies as the expansion of the universe has stretched ultraviolet and infrared light into the infrared.
Among the first data obtained by Webb were infrared images looking towards a cluster of galaxies called SMACS 0723 (opens in new tab).
The light from SMACS 0723 has taken 4.6 billion years to reach us, so we are seeing it as it was 4.6 billion years ago. That’s slightly older than the sun and the Earth, which only formed 4.56 billion years ago.
In recent weeks, galaxies far beyond SMACS 0723 have gained attention. Webb has detected a number of galaxies in the direction of SMACS 0723 and other regions (opens in new tab) that could be so distant their light has taken 13.5 billion years to reach us.
My excellent summer students @sophmjewell and @claraluciep have made this beautiful colour image of our redshift 16.7 galaxy from @cdonnanastro’s new paper. This galaxy is 35 billion light years away, observed as it was just 235 million years after the Big Bang @NASAWebb @BBCAmos pic.twitter.com/JD1DCkLgUSJuly 26, 2022
I say “could” because more data will be needed to absolutely confirm their distances, but some of these galaxies are very compelling (opens in new tab) candidates (others less so (opens in new tab)).
As the light has taken 13.5 billion years to reach us, we are seeing these galaxies as they were 13.5 billion years ago. The universe itself is 13.8 billion years old, so we could be seeing galaxies as they were just a few hundred million years after the Big Bang.
Young, old or early?
While these very distant galaxies have been advertised as the “oldest galaxies (opens in new tab),” I find this a little confusing. We are actually seeing these galaxies as they appeared when they were very young, perhaps a hundred million years old or so.
It is true that these galaxies will be old now, but our own Milky Way galaxy is very old now too. While our sun is 4.56 billion years old, many stars in our galaxy are 10 billion years old and some stars in the Milky Way are 13 billion years old (opens in new tab).
Furthermore, the very distant galaxies Webb has spotted will look very different today. Galaxies grow by acquiring gas and dark matter, forming new stars and merging with other galaxies.
A small galaxy that was vigorously forming stars soon after the Big Bang may have ended up being the seed of a galaxy that today is very massive and stopped forming stars long ago. That small galaxy and its old stars could also have ended up being just part of a larger galaxy formed relatively recently by merging galaxies together.
A record set to fall
So should we call these most distant galaxies young or old? Perhaps neither.
James Webb is seeing the earliest galaxies yet observed — some of the first galaxies that formed soon after the Big Bang.
I have thrown in one last caveat — “yet observed.” Webb has only just begun its mission (opens in new tab), and current analyses are based on data collected over hours.
With days’ worth of data, Webb will push its view out to fainter and further objects, and see yet-more-distant galaxies. The record for the most distant and thus earliest observed galaxy will probably tumble a few times before the year is out.
This article is republished from The Conversation (opens in new tab) under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article (opens in new tab).
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