This article was originally published at The Conversation. The publication contributed the article to Space.com’s Expert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights.
Shane Keating (opens in new tab), Senior Lecturer in Mathematics and Oceanography, UNSW Sydney
Clare Kenyon (opens in new tab), Astrophysicist and Science Communicator, The University of Melbourne
Want to go to space? It could cost you.
This month, the SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft will make the first fully-private, crewed flight to the International Space Station. The going price for a seat is US$55 million. The ticket comes with an eight-day stay on the space station, including room and board — and unrivalled views (opens in new tab).
Virgin Galactic and Blue Origin offer cheaper alternatives, which will fly you to the edge of space (opens in new tab) for a mere US$250,000-500,000 (opens in new tab). But the flights only last between 10 (opens in new tab) and 15 minutes (opens in new tab), barely enough time to enjoy an in-flight snack.
But if you’re happy to keep your feet on the ground, things start to look more affordable. Over the past 20 years, advances in tiny satellite technology have brought Earth orbit within reach for small countries, private companies, university researchers, and even do-it-yourself hobbyists.
Science in space
We are scientists who study our planet and the universe beyond. Our research stretches to space in search of answers to fundamental questions about how our ocean is changing in a warming world, or to study the supermassive black holes beating in the hearts of distant galaxies.
The cost of all that research can be, well, astronomical. The James Webb Space Telescope, which launched in December 2021 and will search for the earliest stars and galaxies in the universe, had a final price tag of US$10 billion after many delays and cost overruns (opens in new tab).
The price tag for the International Space Station, which has hosted almost 3,000 scientific experiments (opens in new tab) over 20 years, ran to US$150 billion, with another US$4 billion each year to keep the lights on.
Even weather satellites, which form the backbone of our space-based observing infrastructure and provide essential measurements for weather forecasting and natural disaster monitoring, cost up to US$400 million each to build and launch (opens in new tab).
Budgets like these are only available to governments and national space agencies — or a very select club of space-loving billionaires (opens in new tab).
Space for everyone
More affordable options are now democratizing access to space. So-called nanosatellites (opens in new tab), with a payload of less than 10kg including fuel, can be launched individually or in “swarms.”
Since 1998, more than 3,400 nanosatellite missions (opens in new tab) have been launched and are beaming back data used for disaster response, maritime traffic, crop monitoring, educational applications and more.
A key innovation in the small satellite revolution is the standardization of their shape and size, so they can be launched in large numbers on a single rocket.
Cubesats (opens in new tab)Â are a widely used format, 10cm along each side, which can be built with commercial off-the-shelf electronic components. They were developed in 1999 by two professors in California, Jordi Puig-Suari and Bob Twiggs, who wanted graduate students to get experience designing, building and operating their own spacecraft.
Twiggs says the shape and size were inspired (opens in new tab) by Beanie Babies, a kind of collectable stuffed toy that came in a 10cm cubic display case.
Commercial launch providers like SpaceX (opens in new tab) in California and Rocket Lab (opens in new tab) in New Zealand offer “rideshare” missions to split the cost of launch across dozens of small satellites. You can now build, test, launch and receive data from your own cubesat for less than US$200,000 (opens in new tab).
The universe in the palm of your hand
Small satellites have opened exciting new ways to explore our planet and beyond.
One project we are involved in uses cubesats and machine learning techniques to monitor Antarctic sea ice from space (opens in new tab). Sea ice is a crucial component of the climate system and improved measurements will help us better understand the impact of climate change in Antarctica.
Sponsored by the UK-Australia Space Bridge program (opens in new tab), the project is a collaboration between universities and Antarctic research institutes in both countries and a UK-based satellite company called Spire Global (opens in new tab). Naturally, we called the project IceCube.
Small satellites are starting to explore beyond our planet, too. In 2018, two nanosatellites (opens in new tab) accompanied the NASA Insight mission to Mars to provide real-time communication with the lander during its decent. In May 2022, Rocket Lab will launch the first cubesat to the moon (opens in new tab) as a precursor to NASA’s Artemis program, which aims to land the first woman and first person of color on the moon by 2024.
Tiny spacecraft have even been proposed for a voyage to another star. The Breakthough Starshot (opens in new tab) project wants to launch a fleet of 1,000 spacecraft each centimeters in size to the Alpha Centauri star system, 4.37 light-years away. Propelled by ground-based lasers, the spacecraft would “sail” across interstellar space for 20 or 30 years and beam back images of the Earth-like exoplanet Proxima Centauri b (opens in new tab).
Small but mighty
With advances in miniaturisation, satellites are getting ever smaller.
“Picosatellites,” the size of a can of soft drink, and “femtosatellites,” no bigger than a computer chip, are putting space within reach of keen amateurs. Some can be assembled and launched for as little as a few hundred dollars (opens in new tab).
A Finnish company is experimenting with a more sustainably built cubesat made of wood (opens in new tab). And new, smart satellites, carrying computer chips capable of artificial intelligence, can decide what information to beam back to Earth instead of sending everything, which dramatically reduces the cost of phoning home.
Getting to space doesn’t have to cost the Earth after all.
This article is republished from The Conversation (opens in new tab) under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article (opens in new tab).
