This article was originally published at The Conversation. (opens in new tab) The publication contributed the article to Space.com’s Expert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights.
Mariel Borowitz (opens in new tab), Associate Professor of International Affairs, Georgia Institute of Technology
Satellites owned by private companies have played an unexpectedly important role in the war in Ukraine. For example, in early August 2022, images from the private satellite company Planet Labs showed that (opens in new tab) a recent attack on a Russian military base in Crimea caused more damage than Russia had suggested in public reports. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy highlighted the losses (opens in new tab) as evidence of Ukraine’s progress in the war.
Soon after the war began, Ukraine requested data (opens in new tab) from private satellite companies around the world. By the end of April, Ukraine was getting imagery from U.S. companies mere minutes (opens in new tab) after the data was collected.
My research focuses on international cooperation in satellite Earth observations (opens in new tab), including the role of the private sector. While experts have long known that satellite imagery is useful during a conflict, the war in Ukraine has shown that commercial satellite data can make a decisive difference — informing both military planning as well as the public view of a war. Based on the strategic value commercial satellite imagery has held during this war, I believe it is likely that more nations will be investing in private satellite companies.
Growth of the commercial satellite sector
Remote-sensing satellites circle the Earth collecting imagery, radio signals and many other types of data. The technology was originally developed by governments for military reconnaissance, weather forecasting and environmental monitoring. But over the past two decades, commercial activity in this area has grown rapidly — particularly in the U.S. The number of commercial Earth observation satellites has increased from 11 in 2006 to more than 500 in 2022 (opens in new tab), about 350 of which belong to U.S. companies.
The earliest commercial satellite remote-sensing companies worked closely with the military from the beginning, but many of the newer entrants were not developed with national security applications in mind. Planet Labs, the U.S.-based company that has played a big role in the Ukrainian conflict, describes its customers (opens in new tab) as those in “agriculture, government, and commercial mapping,” and it hopes to expand to “insurance, commodities, and finance.” Spire, another U.S. company, was originally focused on monitoring weather and tracking commercial maritime activity (opens in new tab). However, when the U.S. government set up pilot programs (opens in new tab) in 2016 to evaluate the value of data from these companies, many of the companies welcomed this new source of revenue.
Value of commercial data for national security
The U.S. government has its own highly capable network of spy satellites, so partnerships with private companies may come as a surprise, but there are clear reasons the U.S. government benefits from these arrangements.
First is the simple fact that purchasing commercial data allows the government to see more locations on the Earth more frequently. In some cases, data is now available quickly enough to enable real-time decision-making (opens in new tab) on the battlefield.
The second reason has to do with data sharing practices. Sharing data from spy satellites requires officials to go through a complex declassification process. It also risks revealing information about classified satellite capabilities. Neither of these is a concern with data from private companies. This aspect makes it easier for the military to share satellite information (opens in new tab) within the U.S. government as well as with U.S. allies. This advantage has proved to be a key factor (opens in new tab) for the war in Ukraine.
Use of satellite data in Ukraine
Commercial satellite imagery has proved to be critical to this war in two ways. First, it’s a media tool that allows the public to watch as the war progresses in incredible detail, and second, it’s a source of important information that helps the Ukrainian military plan day-to-day operations.
Even before the war began in February 2022, the U.S government was actively encouraging (opens in new tab) commercial satellite companies to share their imagery and raise awareness of Russian activity. Commercial companies released images (opens in new tab) showing Russian troops amassing near the Ukrainian border (opens in new tab), directly contradicting statements by Russia.
In early March 2022, Ukraine’s Vice Prime Minister, Mykhailo Fedorov, asked eight commercial satellite companies for access to their data. In his request, he said that this could be the first major war in which commercial satellite imagery played a significant role (opens in new tab). Some companies obliged, and within the first two weeks of the conflict the Ukrainian government received data covering (opens in new tab) more than 15 million square miles (40 million square km) of the war zone.
The U.S. government significantly increased its purchases of imagery (opens in new tab) that could be provided to Ukraine. The U.S. government has also actively fostered connections directly between U.S. companies and Ukrainian intelligence analysts (opens in new tab), helping promote the flow of information.
A recent example of the value of these images comes again from Planet Labs. Over the past few weeks, the company has been releasing images showing the conflict drawing dangerously near the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant (opens in new tab). In recent days, U.N. officials have said the situation poses a “very real risk of a nuclear disaster (opens in new tab)” and pushed for U.N. experts to be allowed to visit the site.
More Russian military equipment is being set-up at the #Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant in Enerhodar, a new drone video shows. Here’s small thread with geo-locations and recent @planet high-resolution satellite imagery showing new military positions and strike impacts🧵1/x https://t.co/BPJa88tbUN pic.twitter.com/YM1TB4fI5MAugust 8, 2022
Before the war, Ukrainian officials thought money was better spent on “down-to-earth” security needs, rather than expensive satellites. But now these officials view satellite imagery as critical (opens in new tab) — both to battlefield awareness and for documenting atrocities allegedly carried out by Russian troops.
Looking forward
Some space experts have called the war in Ukraine the first “commercial space war (opens in new tab).” The conflict has clearly shown the national security value of commercial satellite imagery, the ability of commercial satellite images to promote transparency (opens in new tab) and the importance of not only national space power, but also the space capabilities of allies (opens in new tab).
I believe the fact that the U.S. commercial sector had such a significant effect on military operations and public opinion will lead to increased government investment in the private satellite sector globally. Leaders in Ukraine intend to invest in domestic satellite imaging capabilities (opens in new tab), and the U.S. has expanded its commercial purchases (opens in new tab). This expansion may raise new challenges if abundant satellite imagery is available to actors on both sides of a conflict in the future.
Some Earth-observing satellite companies have expressed hope that the lessons learned will extend beyond war and national security (opens in new tab). The ability to rapidly produce images and analysis could be used to monitor agricultural trends (opens in new tab) or provide insight into illegal mining operations (opens in new tab).
The war in Ukraine may well prove to be a key turning point for both global transparency in conflict and the commercial Earth-observing sector as a whole.
This article is republished from The Conversation (opens in new tab) under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article (opens in new tab).
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